Legislative Remedies & Recommendations

Restoring Private Sector Competition and Protecting Ratepayers

The Core Problem: Government Waste in Mature Markets

Connecticut Green Bank was created in 2011 to "crowd in" private investment and "foster private sector development" in emerging clean energy markets. Instead, CGB now operates as a competitor to private capital—using $24-26 million per year in ratepayer subsidies to flood fully mature markets where abundant private capital already exists.

The Economic Reality of Multifamily & Residential Solar

These are not emerging markets requiring public support. These are mature, highly competitive sectors with:

  • ✓ Dozens of private developers actively financing projects
  • ✓ Nationwide lenders offering competitive market-rate financing
  • ✓ Established tax equity markets and PPA structures
  • ✓ Proven track records of private investment without subsidies

CGB Cannot Compete on a Level Playing Field

By definition, a state-backed monopoly with access to ratepayer-subsidized capital can always undercut private lenders operating under normal market discipline:

Private Lenders Must:

  • Price risk appropriately (market rates 6-8%)
  • Generate returns for investors
  • Operate profitably or exit the market
  • Absorb their own losses

CGB Can:

  • Offer below-market rates (2-4%) funded by ratepayers
  • Operate at a loss indefinitely
  • Shift losses to electric bills ($30M PosiGen loss)
  • Use procurement exemptions to avoid competition

Result: CGB squanders ratepayer funds to displace private capital in markets that don't need public intervention—the opposite of "crowding in" private investment.

This is not economic development. This is bureaucratic self-preservation—wasting public funds to maintain an agency's relevance in markets that have outgrown the need for it.

The Goal: Return CGB to Its Original Mandate

These reforms aim to restore the Connecticut Green Bank to its 2011 mission: catalyzing private investment in underserved markets, not competing with private capital in mature, liquid sectors.

Proposed Legislation: The Competitive Neutrality & Ratepayer Protection Act

Reform #1: The Market Failure Test

Proposed Amendment to C.G.S. § 16-245n

Sec. 1. Prohibition on Competition with Private Capital

"The Connecticut Green Bank and any subsidiary or affiliate thereof (including Inclusive Prosperity Capital) shall be prohibited from bidding on, owning, leasing, or providing financing for any Class I renewable energy project if at least one (1) private sector entity is willing and able to provide financing for such project on commercially reasonable terms."

Sec. 1(b). Specific Program Prohibitions – For the Avoidance of Doubt

"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and for the avoidance of doubt, the Connecticut Green Bank and any subsidiary or affiliate thereof (including Inclusive Prosperity Capital) shall be categorically prohibited from bidding on, owning, leasing, or providing financing for any projects under the following programs, which are hereby declared to be mature markets with demonstrated private capital availability:

  • Residential Renewable Energy Solutions (RRES) program
  • Non-Residential Renewable Energy Solutions (NRES) program
  • Shared Clean Energy Facilities (SCEF) program

This prohibition shall take effect immediately upon passage and shall apply to all new contracts, extensions, or modifications of existing financing agreements. The Connecticut Green Bank shall have ninety (90) days from the effective date to wind down any existing financing activities under these programs and transition management of such portfolios to independent third-party servicers."

Implementation Mechanism: Mandatory Pre-Financing Disclosure

The sole requirement is transparency from CGB. Before financing any project, CGB must publicly disclose its intent to allow private capital the opportunity to compete. No burden is placed on private developers or municipalities.

  1. Public Notice of Intended Financing (Required by CGB)

    Before CGB or any affiliate commits to financing any renewable energy project, CGB must publish a public "Notice of Intended Financing" containing:

    • Project description, location, and estimated size (MW)
    • Estimated financing amount and proposed terms
    • Project host (municipality, business, housing authority, etc.)
    • CGB's true cost of debt capital for the project, including:
      • Weighted average interest rate on debt used to fund the project
      • Source of debt capital (e.g., ratepayer-subsidized bonds, federal grants, below-market state borrowing)
      • Any ratepayer subsidies, grant funds, or below-market capital that reduces CGB's cost of capital below prevailing private market rates
    • Deadline for private capital to express interest (minimum 45 days)

    Notice must be published on CGB website and sent to industry associations (Connecticut Solar & Storage Association, etc.)

    Automatic Disqualification for Below-Market Subsidization:

    If CGB's disclosed cost of debt capital is more than 100 basis points (1.0%) below the prevailing market rate for comparable renewable energy project debt (as determined by reference to recent private market transactions or published lending rates), CGB shall be automatically disqualified from financing the project.

    Rationale: Using below-market ratepayer subsidies to undercut private lenders wastes public funds to capture market share when private capital is available at market rates. This is the opposite of CGB's statutory mandate to "crowd in" private investment.

  2. Automatic Stand-Down Trigger (Applies to Non-Prohibited Programs Only)

    Note: RRES, NRES, and SCEF Are Categorically Prohibited

    As established in Sec. 1(b) above, CGB is categorically prohibited from financing any projects under RRES, NRES, or SCEF programs because these are mature markets with demonstrated private capital availability. CGB must stand down from these three programs immediately and unconditionally—no notice period, no stand-down trigger analysis required.

    The stand-down trigger below applies only to other project categories (e.g., emerging technologies, pilot programs, or projects not covered by the categorical prohibitions).

    For all other projects not categorically prohibited: If at least one (1) private entity submits a written expression of interest indicating willingness and ability to provide financing on commercially reasonable terms, CGB must immediately withdraw from the project.

    No competitive solicitation required. Private developers and project hosts negotiate directly. CGB plays no role.

  3. Annual Transparency Report to Legislature

    CGB must report annually on:

    • Number of projects for which notice was published
    • Number of projects where private capital expressed interest
    • Number of projects where CGB withdrew
    • Number of projects financed by CGB, with detailed justification for each showing why private capital was unavailable

Expected Benefits

  • Zero burden on private developers – only CGB has disclosure obligations
  • Simple process – private developers just notify CGB of interest, then negotiate directly with project hosts
  • Forces CGB back to "gap-filling" role, not market domination
  • Allows private market financing, eliminating need for 48-73% ratepayer subsidies that crowd out competition
  • Protects private solar industry jobs (2,500+ in CT)
  • Allows market-driven pricing without bureaucratic RFP processes

Reform #2: Mandatory Unbundling of Services

Proposed Amendment to C.G.S. § 16-245n

Sec. 2. Decoupling Technical Assistance from Financing

"Any technical assistance, feasibility studies, or design services funded in whole or in part by ratepayer funds (including the Combined Public Benefits Charge, RGGI funds, or federal grants administered by CGB) must remain vendor-neutral. The provision of such assistance shall not be conditioned, directly or indirectly, on the use of financing provided by the Connecticut Green Bank or any affiliate thereof."

"All projects developed with state-subsidized technical assistance must be subject to an open, competitive solicitation for financing. The solicitation process must be managed by an independent third party or state procurement officer, not by the Connecticut Green Bank."

Operational Requirements

  • Vendor-Neutral Templates: CGB must provide standardized RFP templates that municipalities can use to solicit both construction and financing bids simultaneously
  • Wall of Separation: If CGB provides feasibility/design services to a project, CGB staff are prohibited from participating in financing negotiations for that specific project
  • Disclosure Requirement: CGB must inform municipalities in writing: "This technical assistance does not obligate you to use Green Bank financing. You are encouraged to solicit competitive financing bids from private lenders."
  • Independent Oversight: State Contracting Standards Board or PURA must review Solar MAP processes annually to ensure no implicit steering toward IPC

Breaks the Illegal Tying Arrangement

This reform directly addresses the Sherman Act violation:

  • Eliminates leverage of "free" technical assistance to force IPC financing
  • Allows municipalities to take CGB designs to private market without penalty
  • Removes implicit quid pro quo that creates dependency
  • Restores market competition for financing component

Reform #3: IPC Transparency & Accountability

Proposed Amendment to C.G.S. § 1-200 (FOIA)

Sec. 3. Affiliate Entities as Public Agencies

"Any non-profit entity that (a) receives more than 20% of its operating revenue from the Connecticut Green Bank, OR (b) shares one or more overlapping board members or executive officers with the Connecticut Green Bank, shall be deemed a 'Public Agency' for purposes of the Freedom of Information Act and all state procurement statutes."

"Such entity shall be subject to all disclosure requirements, competitive bidding mandates, and ethics rules applicable to quasi-public agencies."

What This Requires of IPC

  • FOIA Compliance: Must respond to public records requests regarding contracts, pricing, communications with CGB
  • Competitive Bidding: No more exemptions from 3-year competitive bid cycles (current Board resolutions voided)
  • Ethics Disclosure: Board members must file financial disclosure statements; conflicts of interest publicly reported
  • Meeting Transparency: Board meetings subject to Open Meetings Act; agendas and minutes publicly posted
  • Pricing Justification: Must publicly disclose methodology for PPA pricing and cost of capital calculations

Closes the "Shadow Agency" Loophole

  • Ends ability to circumvent state transparency laws
  • Allows public and competitors to verify pricing fairness
  • Creates accountability for use of ratepayer-steered projects
  • Prevents future "spin-offs" designed to avoid oversight

Reform #4: Revolving Door Restrictions

Proposed Amendment - New Section

Sec. 4. Cooling-Off Period for CGB Officials

"No person who has served as an officer, director, or senior executive of the Connecticut Green Bank shall, for a period of two (2) years following the termination of such service, serve as an officer, director, employee, or consultant of any entity that has received financing, grants, or other financial assistance from the Connecticut Green Bank within the preceding five (5) years."

"Violation of this provision shall result in automatic forfeiture of all CGB retirement benefits and potential civil penalties."

Example: The Ben Healey Problem

Under current law, Ben Healey could:

  1. Work at CGB designing PosiGen financing (2012-2019)
  2. Leave CGB to become PosiGen CFO (2019)
  3. Oversee PosiGen receiving $30M+ from CGB while his former colleagues approve it
  4. Company goes bankrupt, public loses $30M (2025)

Under reformed law: Healey would be prohibited from joining PosiGen for 2 years, eliminating conflict of interest and insider advantage.

Reform #5: Fiduciary Safeguards

Proposed Amendment to C.G.S. § 16-245n

Sec. 5. Restrictions on Capital Stack Positioning

"The Connecticut Green Bank shall be prohibited from holding subordinate debt or equity positions in any transaction where:

  • (a) A private institutional lender holds a senior position exceeding ten times (10x) the Green Bank's investment amount, OR
  • (b) The transaction involves an entity where current or former CGB officials (within 2-year period) hold executive positions."

"When CGB provides financing to any entity that subsequently secures senior private financing, CGB must either: (i) exit the transaction within 12 months, OR (ii) convert its position to pari passu (equal priority) status with the private lender."

Prevents Future PosiGen-Style Losses

  • Prohibits using ratepayer funds to de-risk private equity
  • Requires CGB to exit when market validates viability (private capital enters)
  • Protects public funds from "first-loss" wipeout scenarios
  • Eliminates conflicts where former CGB staff benefit from public subordination

Reform #6: Governance Reform - Active Supervision

Proposed Amendment to C.G.S. § 16-245n

Sec. 6. Active State Supervision Requirement

"To mitigate antitrust liability exposure under federal law, the following approvals are required:

  • (a) Any transaction in which the Connecticut Green Bank or an affiliate is the sole financier for a public or quasi-public entity's renewable energy project must be approved in writing by the Commissioner of the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP).
  • (b) The DEEP Commissioner's approval must include a written finding that private capital is unavailable and that the proposed financing terms are commercially reasonable.
  • (c) All such approvals must be publicly posted and submitted to the Energy & Technology Committee within 10 days."

Satisfies NC Dental "Active Supervision" Requirement

This reform directly addresses the antitrust immunity gap:

  • Creates politically accountable oversight (DEEP Commissioner)
  • Ensures specific anticompetitive acts are reviewed by state official
  • Provides documentary record of market failure justification
  • Protects State of Connecticut from treble damages liability

Safe Harbor: Where CGB Should Continue Operating

These reforms do not eliminate the Green Bank—they refocus it on its original mandate. CGB should continue full operation in true market-gap areas:

Experimental Technologies

  • Geothermal district systems
  • Green hydrogen pilot projects
  • Offshore wind innovation
  • Grid-scale energy storage R&D
  • Emerging storage chemistries

Rationale: No private market track record; high technical risk; true "additionality"

Credit-Impaired Households

  • Single-family LMI (FICO < 600)
  • Customers rejected by private lenders
  • Energy burden > 6% of income
  • Utility arrearages > $500

Rationale: Private lenders decline this segment; social equity mandate; limited market size

Deep Energy Retrofits

  • Pre-1980 housing stock
  • Comprehensive weatherization
  • Heat pump conversions
  • Whole-building efficiency
  • Environmental justice communities

Rationale: Longer payback periods; private ROI insufficient; critical for carbon goals

The Principle: Market Gaps, Not Market Capture

CGB should invest where private capital cannot or will not, not where private capital is already active and efficient. If multiple private solar developers are bidding on municipal solar with $700M+ in private liquidity, CGB's role is to facilitate the market, not compete in it.

Call to Action for Connecticut Legislators

Immediate Action Required

Every month of delay means:

  • More municipalities locked into above-market 20-year PPAs
  • More private capital displaced from Connecticut
  • Greater antitrust liability exposure for the State
  • Additional ratepayer funds at risk

Recommended Legislative Process

  1. Joint Committee Hearing

    Energy & Technology Committee and Finance, Revenue & Bonding Committee hold joint public hearing on CGB reform. Invite testimony from:

    • Private solar developers (Connecticut-based and national firms)
    • Municipal officials from Manchester, Portland, and other Solar MAP participants
    • Antitrust legal experts
    • Connecticut ratepayer advocates
  2. Emergency Moratorium

    Immediate legislative moratorium on new Solar MAP projects and IPC financing awards pending reform enactment.

  3. Bill Introduction (2026 Session)

    Introduce comprehensive "Connecticut Green Bank Modernization and Competition Act" incorporating all six reforms above.

  4. PURA Investigation

    Direct Public Utilities Regulatory Authority to conduct formal investigation into Solar MAP pricing and ratepayer harm.

  5. AG Opinion Request

    Request formal opinion from Attorney General on state antitrust liability exposure and recommended remedies.

Contact Your Representatives

This is a bipartisan issue affecting ratepayers, municipalities, private businesses, and state fiscal liability. Contact:

Joint Committee on Energy and Technology

Primary jurisdiction over CGB statute and operations

Office of the Attorney General

Authority to investigate antitrust violations and protect state interests